The Christian Way in the Secular West

The Christian Way in the Secular West:

A Message from the Ancient Church*

by Priest Symeon Kees

PART I: THIS IS OUR WORLD

There was a time when the formidable walls of Western Christianity cast its long shadow of influence broadly over the Western world.  Things are different now.  Today, we live in a society shaped by the decay and collapse of Western Christianity.   The wreckage of a weakened religion breaks and crumbles around us.  Western Christianity has not only been replaced, but the origin and significance of that once-high tower drifts into the forgotten past.  As a society, we are much more interest in the new, shiny, cutting edge “what’s-next” than the old obsolete model it replaced.   The formerly mighty fortress has been superseded by a new religion, a popular Secularism, an innovative ideology and worldview seeping deeply into our society.  As Secularism permeates the society, it alters people’s even most basic understanding of humanness, shapes their views of reality, and changes their behavior as they accept its teachings and give obedience to its precepts.

Though Secularism is a broad ideology embracing many contradictory ideas, it is recognizable by its central dogmas that are held by Secularists as universal truths.  The dogmas rest upon the myth of human progress, the idea that humanity, or at least the sector of humanity that has adopted Secularism, is more scientifically, technologically, even intellectually and morally, more advanced right now than any generation before us.  Knowledge passed down through the millennia is casually brushed aside as “premodern” and “outdated.”  Such is the “Well, people used to think that way, but now we know better” attitude.   Suddenly, that which has always been known to be right and true is dismissed while the unthinkable gains public acceptance.  This belief in the moral superiority of the present time may be the reason many Secularists possess such shallow appreciation of history, especially the stream of Biblical and Church history so central to Eastern and Western civilizations.   

Orthodox Christians view the present age through a long lens from the origin of the universe at one end to the culmination of human history at the other.  When our place in the 21^st century is viewed through such a lens, human beings today do not appear more knowledgeable in theology, more advanced in their comprehension of the nature of the human person and human relationships, or more competent to understand ethics or to live ethically than our honorable Fathers and Mothers of old.   Rather, the opposite seems true:  We appear far more ignorant and deficient in some respects than our ancestors who lived in former centuries.  Realizing the deficiency in our knowledge and experience compared to our ancestors should be humbling, but humility is a Christian virtue, not a popular one.

Secularism is built on pride, egotism.  Pride is the path of self-love.  Self-love leads to self-worship, which is narcissistic idolatry.  (Narcissus, according to Greek mythology, fell in love with the most beautiful creature his eyes had ever seen – his own reflection in a perfectly still pool of water.)   Even Secularists who suffer from atheism have a god.  The image of that god gazes back at its most faithful devotees through a mirror.  The Secularist aspires to a state of self-love and self-will, often described in terms like “good self-esteem” and “personal empowerment.”  To the Secularist, the best way to live is reduced to an existence moved by whatever urges and inclinations seem natural as long as other autonomous individuals consent to participate.  The beauty of that loving, devoted intimacy between a man and woman who have been joined together in the union of true Marriage, each a martyr striving to give up personal wants and needs for the benefit of the other, has been traded for the misuse of the body in the selfish pursuit of vanishing pleasure.  The wonder of bringing children into the world to nurture in a loving home has become something of a hobby for those who have time left over from attending to more important priorities, like working at a job, socializing, or traveling.  Career advancement, high status, and generous income are mistaken for signs of success.  Thanks to the efforts of feminists, at least in part, women are now certainly equally as selfish and delusional as men with regard to marriage, family, and employment.  For millennia, the Orthodox have understood these symptoms of egotism as ultimately produced by the core disease that enslaves the man and woman, making them more like irrational, instinctual animals - more like zombies, really - than true human persons.  (By the way, in a spiritual sense, the dreaded Zombie Apocalypse has already hit the Western world.  You have been bitten and there is a cure.) The Orthodox Way, the Way of Christ, promotes inner healing because it brings the person’s life in harmony with his true, healthy human nature.  This Path leads us to the experience of a personal transformation far beyond what we can accomplish, or even imagine, alone without the active help of the One who knows us best.

Among the foundational doctrines of Secularism is religious pluralism, the belief that all religions contain universal truths that are part of the human experience, and since there is no one religion with a “monopoly on truth,” no one religion can rightly claim to be substantially more correct than other religions.   Although Secularists also claim religious tolerance as a complimentary doctrine, they are often forcefully intolerant of any person or community that claims to possess a more accurate understanding of reality than Secularists themselves hold.  Within a Secular worldview, any dogmas (besides the dogmas compatible with Secularism) are considered tools to discriminate against and control people.  According to the dogma of religious pluralism, being a Christian is permissible as long as the Christian person is willing to compromise his Christian Faith at the point where the Christian Way conflicts with Secular doctrine.  In other words, Christians are expected to practice syncretism, the diluting of the Christian Faith with incompatible religious beliefs.  Attempts to mix Orthodoxy, that is, the true belief, with non-Orthodox opinions produces something far less than authentic Christianity.  The Orthodox Christian should always be mindful that our earliest Christian ancestors were tortured and killed by pagans because they rejected religious pluralism, but proclaimed the true God, and refused to compromise the Truth even to the point of death.

Since Secularism may be regarded, at least in part, as a reaction against Western Christianity, Christianity seems to top the “hit list” as a prime target against which Secularists aim their propaganda.  (Strangely, Secularists seem to extend more tolerance to atheists, on the one hand, and to Islamic practitioners on the other, than to traditional Christians.)  What passes for Biblical, theological, and Church history scholarship in our society often largely ignores the history and Tradition of the original, ancient Orthodox Christian Church that uniquely possesses an unbroken continuity from the time of Christ and the Apostles until now.  Some teach that no one true Christianity existed in the early Church, but rather a number of equally legitimate “Christianities” in competition over doctrine.  Eventually, as Secularists tell the story, through the influence of power-driven politics, a so-called “orthodox” Christianity emerged that suppressed all others.  The Western teachers who perpetuate these relatively new ideas, many of which seem to be rooted in 19^th century German academic pursuits, lack personal knowledge of the Orthodox Church within which the Old Testament was preserved, within which the Gospel was preached and practiced before the writing of the New Testament, within which the New Testament was written down and compiled into a fixed collection of Scripture, and within which the interpretation of Scripture has been passed down alongside the Biblical writings themselves.   Sadly, besides those who openly embrace Secularism, many religious Western Christians remain largely ignorant of the story of the Christian Church from the death of the Holy Apostle John about the end of the first century until the rise of Medieval Roman Catholicism from which the Protestant movement arose in the 16^th century.  Over a thousand years of history has been lost in the West.  Under the influence of Secularism, the flourishing of such ignorance is spreading.

In addition to the dogmas of religious pluralism and tolerance, many of the dogmas of Secularism are defined in terms of rights, particularly “Human Rights.”  Same-sex marriage is justified as “marriage equality” or “freedom to marry.”  Abortion, the abhorrent and violent execution of an innocent child in the womb of his mother, which is blandly labeled, “the termination of pregnancy,” is justified as a reproductive right and considered a key aspect women’s rights.  Secular morality is reduced to preserving rights, preventing discrimination, and empowering human beings who are subjugated by those possessing power. 

Honestly, as human beings, we really don’t have any rights.  All that we have that is good has been undeservedly delivered into our mortal hands as gifts from the Good God who loves mankind.  As the Scriptures remind us, the true God brings sunshine and rain on good people and bad people because He loves us all.  He actively invites us all to use our free will to turn from evil and toward Him that He might embrace us and grant us our spiritual inheritance so that we can fulfill our whole potential.  As Orthodox Christians, we do not help others because we think they possess certain rights nor because we egotistically fancy ourselves the enlightened heroic saviors of the disadvantaged.  Christ, our Master, has commanded us, “Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind” and “Love your neighbor as yourself.”   “If you love me,” Christ instructed, “you will keep my commandants.”  So, we strive to follow the Way of our Master to His glory, for the benefit of others, Whom God loves, and as the path of healing for our own souls.  Only when we purify our hearts through prayer and repentance can Divine Love operate within us so that we really love others as we should.  Orthodox Christians do not believe in “social justice.”  Instead, we endeavor to bring philanthropia, “love of mankind,” into the lives of the people around us.  God loves us.  In response to the Divine Love we receive, we help the poor because God loves them and we, though we may possess money, suffer from more destructive kinds of inner poverty.  We care for the sick, because God calls us to comfort the hurting and, until we are perfect, we, too, suffer in this world from sickness in the body and in the soul.  

Western culture is steeped deeply into this new Secular religion.  We encounter its doctrines and worldview in the media, in academic and professional settings, and in personal conversation.  Although tolerance is claimed as a central doctrine, adherents to Secularism, believing they are morally superior to all others, consider themselves justified to force non-believers to conform to their dogmas.  Secularists figure-point at Christians who evangelize with forceful accusations of intolerance and pushing their beliefs upon others, while their own evangelists, whether self-described “experts,” “activists,” or “advocates, spare no opportunity to aggressively push others toward conformity to their opinions.  In the eyes of Secularists, discrimination and inequality constitute heresy and the vocal condemnation of their tenets should be regarded as blasphemy, hate-speech.  The unbeliever is considered either intellectually ignorant or morally evil for having rejected Secularism.   The attempt to civilize nonbelievers by a supposedly “enlightened” Secularism is the new “White Man’s Burden” of Western society.  Employees and students may be required to participate in indoctrination sessions under the guise of “sensitivity training” or “diversity training.”  The promotion of Secular propaganda is often presented as an effort to "raise awareness." School systems often shape children and young adults so thoroughly in the Secular worldview and ethos that many consider its tenants unquestionable.  Due to the wedding of Secularism with national and international politics, Secularism is emerging as the state religion of Western nations.

           

Our Orthodox Christian Fathers and Mothers outright rejected the presumption that many “spiritual traditions” lead to salvation alongside the Way of Christ.  Instead, they believed the words of Christ, Who said, “I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life.  No one comes to the Father but by me.”  The Orthodox Christian follows a Way directly opposed to the religious pluralism of Secularism.  In order to justify discrimination against Christians who hold to the unalterable and timeless Orthodox Faith, Secularists will surely dismiss us as irrelevant and accuse us of being evil by labeling us with pejorative identifiers: bigot, intolerant, ignorant, narrow-minded, judgmental, oppressive, hate-monger, patriarchal, hate-speech user, offensive, non-inclusive, extremist, misogynist, sexist, homophobe, and so on.  Orthodox Christians who challenge Secularism should expect Secularists to respond by attempting to nurture outrage among their own.  Secularists may publically demand that the Christian challenger be silenced and perhaps otherwise punished through legal action, business boycott, loss of professional position, or public shame for daring to question the truthfulness of Secular doctrine.  Since Secularists carefully craft language in such a way as to justify their ideological worldview and goals, even the use of “politically incorrect” language may bring heavy condemnation.  When Secularists agree with Christians, we shall be considered (perhaps surprisingly) enlightened.  When, however, we correctly identify the activities they embrace as sin, such as the misuse of sexual expression outside of a faithful marriage between a man and a woman, Secularists will accuse us of being judgmental bigots for simply discerning between that which is right, good, and healthful and that which is wrong, evil, and dangerous to the health of the soul.  Those who rail against Christians often possess very little knowledge of the authentic mind, ethos, and life of the Orthodox Way.  They also likewise show very little patience to listen or interest in learning the Way that challenges their own preconceived opinions. 

PART II: HOW WE ARRIVED WHERE WE ARE

To grasp how Christians are called to respond to this Secularism, let’s look at a brief summary of human history to see how we arrived where we are.  The Western calendar divides human history into two categories:  BC and AD.  What event in human history is so significant that all human history hinges on it?  The birth of Jesus Christ is that pivotal happening that shapes our vision of history.  Certain circles find it fashionable to replace BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini – “In the year of Our Lord”) with the less descriptive BCE (Before the Common Era) and CE (Common Era), but the birth of Christ still services as the marker in historical time from which all history before and after is viewed differently because of what happened at that particular time in the story of the cosmos.   

“God said, ‘Let there be light’.”  God created all things through His Word, or, to put it another way, The Father brought all things into existence through His Son.  The Son, Who has always existed eternally with the Father and through Whom the universe came into being, knitted for himself a human body in the womb of a Virgin.  The Son took on our human nature, joining it with His unchangeable divinity.  Then, He Who Is the Source of Life, liberated us from slavery to death and opened the gate to resurrection and immortality.  “Christ is Risen!” 

Since Christ came to heal us from physical and spiritual death, He established His Church as a spiritual Hospital on earth.  The Church is an unfathomable Mystery that is indeed, according to the Scripture, “the pillar and ground of Truth.”  Within the Church, the inalterable Truth “once for all delivered to the Saints” is preserved and passed on from generation to generation.  When early heretical communities started popping up soon after the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, the answer to the question, “Where is the true Church of God on earth?,” was essential for our ancestors who lived during the time of the Apostles.  The answer to that question during the time of the Apostles was simple:  Wherever you find the Apostles, who held the authority they had received from Christ, there is the Church.  In other words, any community that claimed to be “Christian,” but was not under the pastoral authority of Christ’s Apostles, was not the true Church, but instead a heretical community adhering to their own human opinions and invented traditions.  Distinguishing the difference between the Orthodox Church and a heretical community was the difference between finding a real hospital with competent physicians who administer effective medicine and a fake clinic run by frauds who incompetently, albeit with sincere intentions, administer poisonous concoctions that promote infection and disease.    

The Apostles consecrated bishops as their co-ministers and successors to oversee and shepherd the local churches.  Those first bishops consecrated more bishops, as needed.  During this time, the answer to the question, “Where is the Church?” remained essentially the same as before.  One of the early bishops who lived during the time of the Apostles was St. Ignatius, the second bishop of the Biblical Church of Antioch.   In one of his pastoral letters, he explained that wherever the Orthodox bishop is found, there is the Church.  Conversely, those communities that claimed to be Christian, but operated apart from the authority of an Orthodox bishop, offered, as St. Ignatius explained, poison mixed with sweet wine.

The Orthodox Church endured several centuries of persecution from the first century until the Church was lifted out of persecution in the fourth century during the reign of St. Constantine the Great, whose mother, St. Helena, was a devoted Christian.  The Church gained legal status and eventually, during the reign of the Holy and Right-Believing Emperor Theodosius the Great, the Orthodox Christian Way became the Faith of the Roman Empire.  As it has been said, “The Empire that killed the martyrs was conquered by their Faith.”  From Jerusalem and Antioch in Asia to Rome and Britain in Europe, the Eastern and Western world held one Faith within one Church and walked according to the one Way of the One true and living God – the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Among the most significant dates in world history is AD 1054, the year of the Great Schism, when the Orthodox local church of Rome separated herself from the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.  The Church is comprised of independently governed local churches in communion together.   The five ancient local churches, called Patriarchates, included Old Rome, Constantinople (called “New Rome”), Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.  The chief bishop of the Roman church, the Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Rome, attempted to assert universal authority over his brother bishops who shepherded the other ancient local churches.  This attempt, and other noteworthy actions by Rome, caused the other Orthodox local churches to officially recognize that the Roman jurisdiction had separated herself from the Orthodox Church.  Since Rome and the Western European territory within its jurisdiction had been torn from the Orthodox Church, Rome offered a new answer to the question, “Where is the true Church?”  Rome, headed by the Pope, redefined the Church in terms of submission to Papal authority.  This is the beginning of Papism or, as it is commonly called, Roman Catholicism, though the Roman Catholic Church was neither Roman, nor Catholic, nor the Church.  Over time Roman Catholicism continued to drift farther away from the Life and Faith of the Orthodox Church.  An event in AD 1204, 150 years after the act causing the Great Schism, confirmed the reality that the church in Rome had separated itself from the Holy Orthodox Church.  In that year, the Roman Catholic Crusaders on the Fourth Crusade viciously attacked and terrorized the Orthodox Christian citizens of the Imperial City of Constantinople.  The Crusaders looted Constantinople and weakened its defenses, contributing to the fall of the Imperial City to the Mohammedan Ottoman Turks in AD 1453, the tragic event that brought an end to the long-enduring Roman Empire, which had persevered as an Orthodox Christian Empire for nearly 1,000 years. 

In the 16^th century, about 500 years after the Great Schism that separated Rome from the Orthodox Church, the Protestant movement began in Western Europe as a reaction against what Roman Catholicism had become.  Rather than returning to the One Church founded by Christ, Protestants created a new kind of Christianity.  Protestantism showed the influence of Roman Catholicism, while also providing fertile soil for the development of new doctrines, such as the teaching that the Scripture alone is the sole source of spiritual authority.  Although rightly rejecting Roman Catholic traditions that contradicted Apostolic teaching, Protestants made their own traditions based on the opinions of strong leaders such as Henry VIII, Luther, Calvin, Wesley, and others.  Just as the local church of Rome realized the need to invent a new answer to the question, “Where is the true Church?” to claim legitimacy when it had separated itself from the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, so the many, many various Protestant communions and independent congregations that have been founded over the past 500 years have also recognized the need to yet again redefine what the Church is and where the Church is.  New, innovative answers to the question, “Where is the Church?” that fit neatly within the framework of Protestant doctrine have been developed.  The answers to that critical question offered by Protestant groups vary considerably.  However a particular Protestant denomination, association, congregation, or individual answers the question, “Where is the Church?,” the answer proposed proves far different from the answer provided by the ancient Orthodox Church down through the centuries from Apostolic times to today.

After the rise of Protestantism, religious wars erupted in Western Europe between Roman Catholic and Protestant sides as well as among Protestant sects themselves.  Whereas the Western Christian world gave faith and reason complimentary roles, the bloodshed caused many to question whether faith served as a necessary component at all.   The idea that one could discover truth with the rational mind through the process of reason alone became popular in the West along with the idea that truth can be found by experiencing reality with the five senses, especially by using the scientific method.   The process of reasoning is dependent on some assumed truths, such as whether God exists, that cannot be proven or disproven by reason alone.  When the application of reason alone failed to lead the world toward lasting peace and freedom, but instead brought war and death with the rise of atheistic political revolutions, some rightly determined that cold, hard reason utterly fails to lead human beings to truth by itself.  Like reason, the scientific method proves useful for understanding how the created universe operates, but the realm of science is limited.   Certain questions, such as “Does the Uncreated God exist outside of the material creation?,” “Why does the universe exist?,” or “What does it mean to be human?,” lie outside the proper boundary of science.  No inherent conflict exists between science and theology, properly understood.  Those who place faith in a Secular philosophy of science that affirms the scientific method, but rejects the reality of the existence and operation of God in the universe, presume to claim that God does not exist with certainty, while they with certainty are far from exhausting the quest for knowledge of those things in our vast universe present within the scope of science. 

Secularists have attempted to build a foundation upon research studies, commonly cited as evidence to support their claims concerning what it means to be human, male and female, and how human beings should live (with regard to morality), questions that largely lie outside the scope of science.  These studies are invoked as though they undeniably establish Truth with absolute, infallible certainty.  Research studies can only present what appears to be true assuming both the data and interpretation of data are accurate.  They are subject to being overturned in light on new, better evidence.  So, while studies are useful tools within the scope of academic and scientific inquiry, as well as the practice of medicine, the tentative, challengeable, and limited nature of studies, produced by human beings capable of error, make these studies very poor Secular substitutes for Holy Scripture and the enduring Tradition of the Church. 

The social sciences are based on the observation of fallen man.  Our race has fallen into the experience of sickness and chaos.  The problems among people in the world reflect our inner troubles.  Even one who is deemed “normal” by a mental health professional when compared to other people is still spiritually and mentally ill from a theological perspective.  Social scientists, who sometimes do accurately observe fallen man, have produced effective therapies that help people improve their thinking patterns and behaviors, but the social sciences know nothing of unfallen man free from the effects of spiritual sickness or the full potential of man in the healthy, perfected state of the soul.   Mental health professionals, then, can certainly help people to some degree, but the deeper healing of the soul is beyond the boundary of the social sciences.  The Church, however, has preserved the Truth about who we were created to be, the root causes of our problems, and what we would be like if we were, not only normal, but to some degree perfected, having achieved the heights of mental and spiritual health.  

Today, many have realized the limitations of rational philosophy and science to determine absolute truth, especially with regard to God, the spiritual world, the meaning of human life, and the right way for a human being to live.  Having believed the Secular doctrine of religious pluralism, they have grown likewise skeptical that any particular “religious tradition” can possess substantially greater knowledge of absolute truth than any other.  Having grown skeptical of the ability to even know Truth with certainty, many young men and women seem to have given up seeking the Truth about God, the meaning of their lives, and their own spiritual health all together.  When a person does not know the living God Who reveals Truth and Who instructs us how to live, he doesn’t possess any way of knowing who he truly is, the full significance of his life, or how he should live in relationship with other people.  Such a person possesses nothing but a collection of personal opinions that form out of his own speculations, passions, imaginings, and feelings alongside the influence of other people’s assertions.  He is like a house built upon shifting sand, without a secure foundation to anchor it.  Such is the society in which we find ourselves.

PART III: THE CALL OF THE ANCIENT CHRISTIAN CHURCH TO ALL CHRISTIANS

What message, then, does the original, 2,000 year-old Orthodox Church have for the non-Orthodox who still desire to live as Christians in the world?  In this increasingly darkened society, let all Christians be united by bearing one unchanging Faith by sharing one all-encompassing Life under the guidance of the One Spirit within the one Church established by our only Lord and God and Savior, Jesus Christ.  The One Church, established by Christ, that has kept the fullness of the Christian Faith unchanged since the Holy Spirit descended at Pentecost remains in the world, even into the 21^st century, to bring salvation to all people.  This Church is, as St. Paul wrote and I previously noted, “the pillar and ground of Truth,” against which, Christ promised, the gates of hell shall not prevail. 

Still today, wherever you find an Orthodox parish under the pastoral care of an Orthodox Bishop, who bears Apostolic succession in both the sense of historical lineage from the Apostles and preservation of the Orthodox Faith within life of the Orthodox Church, there you find the true Church of Jesus Christ.  The Church calls everyone to leave behind false religions, philosophies, doctrines, heresies, incorrect opinions, and unfruitful practices to unite with the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.  Real unity among Christians only becomes a reality when Christians walk the singular Way of Christ in its fullness.   

To clarify, let me emphasize what the message of the original Christian Church to Western Christians is not.  The message is not this: You can connect to the ancient Church by "borrowing" elements of ancient Christian spirituality "relevant" for today and by integrating those elements into your "prayer life" and "worship experience."  That is not the message.  If you were to unplug your coffee brewer and take it with you on a hike up a mountain into the wilderness, you should not be surprised that your machine doesn’t work when you get to the top of the mountain - without electricity.  That is what trying to “borrow” beliefs and practices from Orthodox Christianity for use outside of the wholeness of the Orthodox Church is like. 

Christians must not be double-minded, holding some views in harmony with the mind of the Church alongside other views contrary to the mind of the Church.   Oil and water do not mix.  If I say that I am an Orthodox Christian, you should be able to safely assume much about what I believe.   You should also be able to assume how I strive to live, although, personally, I often fail in my attempts and, after repentance, find it necessary to change my thinking and realign my course.   We must choose either the narrow Way of Christ that leads to Life or one of the many broad ways heading toward destruction.  As the Didache, an early Christian writing, states: “There are two ways, one of life and one of death; but a great difference between the two ways.”  We need to decide if we want to be Christians or be honest with ourselves that we are something else.   If you want to be a Christian, be a Christian- completely.  Plunge your whole life down into the depths of the Mystery of the Church so that your life will be whole.

In a fallen, corruptible world, the Church remains the holy and pure Hospital for all people.  (Her treatment is indeed perfect, though her patients bear varying degrees of wellness.)  As patients of the Great Physician, we seek healing  as we also work to bring others to the One Who heals.  Many of those in our society do not realize they are spiritually sick and, furthermore, would be offended by the suggestion.  Since they remain unaware that they are afflicted by the effects of death within, they do not seek the Physician. 

If we are to bring healing to the world through the grace of the All Holy Trinity we must live as strangers in this world while ministering to the people of the world.  The Book of Hebrews reminds us of the Holy Prophets of Old Testament times, who, like the Saints of the New Testament, endured persecution because of their unwavering faithfulness to God and boldness to proclaim the Way of repentance and healing.  They

were tortured, not accepting deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection. Still others had trial of mockings and scourgings, yes, and of chains and imprisonment. They were stoned, they were sawn in two, were tempted, were slain with the sword. They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins, being destitute, afflicted, tormented—of whom the world was not worthy. They wandered in deserts and mountains, in dens and caves of the earth.

We have received the Holy Tradition of the Apostles into our most unworthy hands.  Our calling as Christians, who presume to bear the Name of Christ, is the same as the Prophets and Saints who have gone before us, preserving and passing on, even to the shedding of blood, the fullness of the Faith from generation to generation.   When we live and work within our Secular culture as Orthodox Christians, we can expect conflict because our Way is not the way of the world.  Our ancestors were brutally tortured and martyred in old pagan cultures because they stood bearing the Light of Truth in the dark shadows of spiritual ignorance and delusion.   May we stand as they stood with such unwavering boldness.  Let’s proclaim with our whole lives the words we periodically pray at the service of Vespers:

Though You were arrested, O Christ, by the law-breakers, You still remain my God, and, therefore, I am not ashamed.  Though You were lashed on Your back I shall not deny You - or nailed upon the Cross, I shall not hide it, for in Your Resurrection do I glory, for Your death is my life, O Almighty One and Lover of mankind. O Lord, glory to You! (Octoechos, Tone 7).

Briefly, to those of you who are immersed in Secularism, permit me to offer you the same invitation the Orthodox have offered on behalf of the Living Resurrected Christ for two millennia:  Open the door of your heart.  Through humility, let in the God Who gives you Life, Who knows you completely, and Who loves you unconditionally.  Learn what He has accomplished for you and desires to give you.  He knocks on the door of the heart, but, respecting the free will He has given us, God waits for us to open it. 

Do not misunderstand the Orthodox Way: Our Holy Tradition is rich with liturgical services, sacred art, lyrical chanting, sweet-smelling incense, dogmatic prose, and theological poetry.  An outsider who does not understand the Way may misunderstand this fullness as a series of unnecessarily complex ritualistic exercises.   One who knows the Orthodox Way deeply, however, experiences all these external expressions as guides that lead toward the healing of the soul within and as outward expressions of the inner life.  The outward expression is inseparable from the personal interior life, that is, the inner life of humility before God and our fellow human beings, love of God and others, repentance from sin that causes sickness, prayer of the mind and heart, peace inside and outside, patience in the midst of chaos, and simple obedience that produces harmony both within the soul and in our relationships.  These things rest at the heart of the Orthodox Christian Way of Life. 

One of the most significant turning-points in my own life was when I, having two degrees in religion, found myself standing before the very Church of the Holy Bible.  I had considered myself a member of the Church (from my Protestant perspective), but there I stood outside the doors of the actual Church described in the Acts of the Apostles.  I stood there as an outsider looking in.  Once a man finds the one and only Church in the world established by Jesus Christ Himself, that man, if he desires to be a Christian, has nowhere else to go.  How could I say that I am a Christian and reject Christ’s own Church?  I had been looking for the “right church for me,” and I discovered the right Church for everybody.  Instead of joining a congregation that believed what I already believed, I found the necessity to change many of my own preconceived notions so that I believed what was in harmony with Truth and the Way of salvation.  I hope that you will have the ears to hear and eyes to see these words.  Seek a deeper experience of God, learn the Orthodox Way, and enter into Christ’s Holy Church for the glory of God, for your own salvation, and for the benefit of all.

             

From the ashes, let us rise and soar to the heights.  Glory to Jesus Christ!  Glory Forever!



* DEFINITION OF TERMS:

At the very beginning of this presentation several terms with very specific meanings should be clearly defined to avoid misunderstandings later.  The first term to define is “the ancient Church.”  What specifically is “the ancient Church?”  “The ancient Church” refers to the only true Church, that is, the one Church planted on earth by Jesus Christ Himself.  This is the Church that Christ placed under the care of His Twelve Apostles.  One of the most ancient names for this Church is "the Way," as Holy Scripture indicates.  In the 300’s, after emerging from persecution, the Church adopted the name, “One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.”  Although the Church was once simply called the Church, due to the fact that various groups have claimed to be the Church over the centuries, the original Church of the Apostles clearly identifies herself today as the Orthodox Church.   The word "Orthodox" means both to hold the correct Faith in the one true God and to rightly worship the one true God.

The second term that should be defined is “Western Christianity.”  This refers specifically to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, both of which started in Western Europe and developed separately from the original Orthodox Church still present in the East.

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Fr. Symeon serves as the associate pastor of St. George Orthodox Church in Houston, TX.

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David Berlinski on the Limitation of Science

“A great many men and women have a dull, hurt, angry sense of being oppressed by the sciences. They are frustrated by endless scientific boasting. They suspect that the scientific community holds them in contempt. They are right to feel this way.”  - The Devil's Delusion by David Berlinski

David Berlinski is not an Orthodox Christian.  He is not an advocate for any religion, but addresses the proper limitation of science and the contemporary failure of scientists to recognize the limitation of science and to make the proper distinction between science and the philosophy of science.

Atheism and Its Scientific Pretensions

A rough transcript of the above interview is available as a pdf file here on the website of the Hoover Institution.

Self-Critical Science and Other Myths

St. Luke the Surgeon on Science and Religion

St. Luke of Simferpol and Crimea served as a bishop, scientist, medical doctor, surgeon, professor of medicine, and author.  His Notes on Purulent Surgery, first published in 1934, may be considered his most significant literary contribution to the surgical arts.  You can read about the life of St. Luke, called "the Blessed Surgeon," on the Full of Grace and Truth blog.  Information is also available on Orthodoxwiki.  The book, The Blessed Surgeon (2nd edition), provides a relatively detailed account of his life.


In an article on "Science and Religion," St. Luke commented on the relationship between science and Orthodox spirituality, true religion. The words of the Blessed Surgeon are relevant today for Orthodox Christians who work in scientific, academic, and/or medical environments steeped in secularism, wherein there is much ignorance regarding the limitation of science and the distinction between scientific knowledge of the rational mind and the theological knowledge of the heart.


St. Luke wrote, 


"We are certain that apart from the material world there is an infinite and incomparably superior spiritual world. We believe in the existence of spiritual beings that have higher intellect than us humans. We believe wholeheartedly that above this spiritual and material world there is the Great and Almighty God.

What we doubt is the right of science to research with its methods the spiritual world. Because the spiritual world cannot be researched with the methods used to research the material world. Such methods are totally inappropriate to research the spiritual world.

How do we know that there is a spiritual world? Who told us that it exists? If we are asked by people who do not believe in the Divine revelation, we shall answer them thus: 'Our heart told us'. For there are two ways for one to know something, the first is that which is spoken by Haeckel, which is used by science to learn of the material world. There is however another way that is unknown to science, and does not wish to know it. It is the knowledge through the heart. Our heart is not only the central organ of the circulation system, it is an organ with which we know the other world and receive the highest knowledge. It is the organ that gives us the capability to communicate with God and the above world. Only in this we disagree with science.

Praising the great successes and achievements of science, we do not doubt at all its great importance and we do not confine the scientific knowledge. We only tell the scientists "You do not have the capability with your methods to research the spiritual world, we however can with our heart.

There are many unexplainable phenomena which concern the spiritual world that are real (as are some type of material phenomena). There are therefore phenomena that science will never be able to explain because it does not use the appropriate methods.

Let science explain how the prophecies appeared on the coming of the Messiah, which were all fulfilled. Could science tell us how the great prophet Isaiah, some 700 years before the birth of Christ, foretold the most important events in His life and for which he was named the evangelist of the Old Testament? To explain the far sighted grace possessed by the saints and to tell us with which physical methods the saints inherited this grace and how they could understand the heart and read the thoughts of a person they had just met for the first time? They would see a person for the first time and they will call him by his name. Without waiting for the visitor to ask, they would answer on what troubled him.

If they can, let them explain it to us. Let them explain with what method the saints foretold the great historical events which were accurately fulfilled as they were prophesied. Let them explain the visitation from the other world and the appearance of the dead to the living.

They shall never explain it to us because they are too far from the basis of religion- from faith. If you read the books of the scientists who try to reconstruct religion, you will see how superficially they look at things. They do not understand the essence of religion yet they criticize it. Their criticism does not touch the essence of faith, since they are unable to understand the types, the expressions of religious feeling. The essence of religion they do not understand. Why not? Because the Lord Jesus Christ says 'No one can come to me unless My Father who sent Me draws him to Me.' (John 6:44)

So it is necessary that we be drawn by the Heavenly Father, it is necessary that the grace of the Holy Spirit enlighten our heart and our mind. To dwell in our heart and mind through this enlightenment, the Holy Spirit and the ones who were found worthy to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit, those in whose heart lives Christ and His Father, know the essence of faith. The others, outside the faith cannot understand anything."




Source of quote here.  The image is from Orthodoxwiki.  This icon was authored by Father Daniel from the Holy Hesychastirio of Daniel the Katounakian, Mount Athos and is kept at the Holy Church of St. Paraskevi, Koropi, Attica of Greece.  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

St. Basil the Great on the Art of Medicine

Selections from St. Basil regarding "Whether recourse to the medical art is in keeping with the practice of piety."

"In as much as our body is susceptible to various hurts, some attacking from without and some from within by reason of the food we eat, and since the body suffers affliction from both excess and eficiency, the medical art has been vouchsafed us by God, who directs our whole life, as a model for the cure of the soul, to guide us in the removal of what is superfluous and in the addition of what is lacking. Just as we would have no need of the farmer's labor and toil if we were living amid the delights of paradise, so also we would not require the medical art for relief if we were immune to disease, as was the case, by God's gift, at the time of Creation before the Fall.. After our banishment to this place, however, and after we had heard the words: 'In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread,' through prolonged effort and hard labor in tilling the soil we devised the art of agriculture for the alleviation of the miseries which followed the curse, God vouchsafing us the knowledge and understanding of this art. And, when we were commanded to return to the earth whence we had been taken and were united with the pain ridden flesh doomed to destruction because of sin and, for the same reason, also subject to disease, the medical art was given to us to relieve the sick, in some degree at least."

"Now, the herbs which are the specifics for each malady do not grow out of the earth spontaneously; it is evidently the will of the Creator that they should be brought forth out of the soil to serve our need. Therefore, the obtaining of that natural virtue which is in the roots and flowers, leaves, fruits, and juices, or in such metals or products of the sea as are found especially suitable for bodily health, is to be viewed in the same way as the procuring of food and drink. Whatever requires an undue amount of thought or trouble or involves a large expenditure of effort and causes our whole life to revolve, as it were, around solicitude for the flesh must be avoided by Christians. Consequently, we must take great care to employ this medical art, if it should be necessary, not as making it wholly accountable for our state of health or illness, but as redounding to the glory of God and as a parallel to the care given the soul. In the event that medicine should fail to help, we should not place all hope for the relief of our distress in this art, but we should rest assured that He will not allow us to be tried above that which we are able to bear. Just as in those days the Lord sometimes made clay, and anointed, and bade wash in Siloe, and on other occasions was content with the mere command: ‘I will, be thou made clean’ whereas He left some to struggle against their afflictions, rendering them more worthy of reward by trial, so it also is with us. He sometimes cures us secretly and without visible means when He judges this mode of treatment beneficial to our souls; and again He wills that we use material remedies for our ills, either to instil in us by the prolonged nature of the cure an abiding remembrance of the favor received, or, as I have said, to provide an example for the proper care of the soul. As in the case of the flesh it is essential to eliminate foreign elements and add whatever is wanting, so also, where the soul is concerned, it behooves us to rid ourselves of that which is alien to it and take unto ourselves that which is in accordance with its nature; for 'God made man right and He created us for good works that we might walk in them."

"To place the hope of one's health in the hands of the doctor is the act of an irrational animal. This, nevertheless, is what we observe in the case of certain unhappy persons who do not hesitate to call their doctors their saviors. Yet, to reject entirely the benefits to be derived from this art is the sign of a pettish nature."

"When the favor of a cure is granted us, whether by means of wine mixed with oil, as in the case of the man who fell among the robbers, or through figs, as with Ezechias, we are to receive it with thanksgiving. Besides, we shall view the watchful care of God impartially, whether it comes to us from some invisible source or by a physical agency, the latter, indeed, frequently engendering in us a livelier perception of the favor as coming from the hands of God. Very often, also, the diseases which we contracted were for our correction and the painful remedies we were obliged to submit to formed part of the instruction. Right reason dictates, therefore, that we demur neither at cutting nor at burning, nor at the pains caused by bitter and disagreeable medicines, nor at abstinence from food, nor at a strict regimen, nor at being forced to refrain from that which is hurtful. Nevertheless, we should keep as our objective (again I say it), our spiritual benefit, in as much as the care of the soul is being taught in the guise of an analogy. There is no small danger, however, that we will fall into the error of thinking that every kind of suffering requires medical relief. Not all sicknesses for whose treatment we observe medicine to be occasionally beneficial arise from natural causes, whether from faulty diet or from any other physical origin."

"So, then, we should neither repudiate this art altogether nor does it behoove us to repose all our confidence in it; but, just as in practicing the art of agriculture we pray God for the fruits, and as we entrust the helm to the pilot in the art of navigation, but implore God that we may end our voyage unharmed by the perils of the sea, so also, when reason allows, we call in the doctor, but we do not leave off hoping in God. It seems to me, moreover, that the medical art is no small aid to continency."


St. Basil the Great, “Question 55” in “The Long Rules,” St. Basil: Ascetical Works, trans. by M. Monica Wagner, The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation, Vol. 9 (Wash., D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1962), 330-337.  The text of this book is available online in various formats: http://www.archive.org/details/fathersofthechur027835mbp.

Theology and the Limitations of Psychology

Orthodox theology is revealed knowledge acquired through the experience of God.  Theology shows us what a whole, healed, perfect human person looks like.  This is the image given to Sts. Peter, James, and John on Mount Tabor. (1)  The Orthodox Way shows us who human beings were intended to be in the beginning, who we are now, and who we can become.  By way of experiential revealed theology, not speculative rational philosophy or theorizing, we know the ultimate cause of our problems and the most thorough cure for the healing of the human person.

Secular psychology is quite limited.  It is based, not on revelation, but on the observation of fallen humanity (that is, human beings who are afflicted by death and its symptom - the sickness of soul and body).  A “normal” person through the perspective of psychology is still a person suffering from sickness, corruption, and death.  "Normal" in a secular sense is far from perfection.

While the Orthodox understand human behavior and the cure of the human person from within the  revealed Tradition, which has been passed down and lived through the centuries from generation to generation, secular psychology is constantly observing human behavior and rationally speculating on causes for behaviors and methods for treatment.  While the methods of secular psychology can help people to some degree on a psychological (rational) and emotional level, it can never reach far enough to heal the soul on the spiritual level, where the root cause of sickness lies. The Orthodox Way, on the other hand, penetrates deeply into the soul to cure the entire human person.  

Theories of secular psychology cannot be effectively grafted onto the inexhaustible Mystery of the Orthodox Church.   The social sciences, including psychology, like the hard sciences, are by nature always open to change.  No scientific theory based on human ideas about the created universe should be dogmatized, but all theories, models, and views may be challenged, changed, or discarded in light of new evidence.  Revealed divine theology, which remains constant and abides in fullness within the Church, can never be tied to or integrated with humanly-made scientific theories or philosophies that progress and change over time.  Secular psychology has nothing to teach the Church, which is the “pillar and ground of truth” and fountain of healing.  Orthodox mental health professionals may, however, find helpful techniques developed within secular psychology based on observation of human behavior that could prove useful when firmly planted in the phronema (mind) and life of the Orthodox Church, the healing context of the Orthodox Way.  

A lay Orthodox mental health professional, dedicated to prayer, can make known the active presence and unconditional love of God to those who seek healing.  Some patients will be open to pursuing the deepest healing within the life of the Church, while others may deny the spiritual reality or resist addressing spiritual issues.  Even in secular facilities, Orthodox therapists may be permitted to ask clients about their religious/spiritual backgrounds and may endeavor to help the person understand who the true God is while guiding them toward an understanding of God's  love for us.  In our society, people (including atheists) tend to have a concept of God based to Western ideologies.  A mental health professional can perhaps share parables about the kingdom of heaven from the Holy Gospels and passages from the writings of the Fathers.  Hopefully, many Orthodox mental health care centers will be established wherein patients, Orthodox Christians and non-Orthodox people, can receive quality care according to the Orthodox ethos within the context of the life of the Church.

Orthodox mental health professionals who wish to be the offer the best care must pursue their own salvation with humility, prayer, and repentance.    

(1) See a sermon by St. Gregory Palamas on the Transfiguration on the OCA website.

Confusing Science with Philosophy in our Secular World

In our secular Western world, the distinction between science and philosophy (in the Western sense) is often confusingly blurred.  What some consider to be science is not really science, but is actually philosophy, including the philosophy of scientism.

Dr. Clark Carlton's podcasts on God and Science and God and Science Part 2 address the limited scope of science and the difference between science and philosophy. 

The Harmony of Orthodox Theology & Science

A mistake often made by Westerners is the misguided attempt to study Orthodox theology through scientific approaches or philosophical models (including metaphysics).  Orthodox theology exists outside of the limited scope of scientific inquiry as well as the speculative arguments and rational categories of Western philosophy (and secular religious studies).  Science and Western philosophy are concerned with the knowledge of the rational mind, but theology is concerned with gnosis, the knowledge of the heart (nous), the spiritual intellect.  Science and philosophy are based on humanly-derived principles and theories.  Orthodox theology is rooted in divine revelation.  Philosophy and science deal with concepts.  Orthodox theology is a Mystery beyond concept.  Scientific study and philosophy are limited to the creation.  Theology involves experiencing the Uncreated.  In the West, a "theologian" is an educated scholar who knows about religious beliefs, ideas, and practices.  In the Orthodox Church, a theologian is one who acquires divine knowledge in the heart through humility, repentance, and prayer.

While scientific understanding of the creation and technology have progressed through the centuries, the dogma of the Orthodox Church does not change or develop. Scientific theories and Western philosophical ideas are adaptable and constantly change in light of new evidence and ideas, but theology is unalterable.  This is why the same theological experience is expressed through the writings of the Fathers of the Orthodox Church from the 1st century to the 21st century.  (Remember that the dogma of the Church is not just a collection of philosophical propositions to be rationally accepted, but boundaries to keep us on the path of authentic theological experience, which is the Way of personal knowledge, healing, and transformation.)

In the West, the boundaries between science and philosophy (secular and religious) are blurred.  Philosophy of science is mistaken for science and religious philosophy is mistaken for theology.  In such an environment, spirituality and science may be considered incompatible approaches to life.  No such contradiction exists between Orthodox theology and science, properly understood.  In an article published in Christian Bioethics (Oxford Journals/Oxford University Press), Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos (Greece) wrote,

As Christians, particularly as Orthodox Christians, we are certainly not opposed to research and progress.  Nor do we want the Western conflict between the Christian faith and science to be repeated.  To avoid this, science itself ought to set limits and conditions for research, and theology should be occupied with giving meaning to human life and guiding people toward putting right their relationships with themselves, their fellow human beings, creation, and God.  The aim of science is to improve human life, and the aim of theology is to help human beings acquire existential peace, freedom, and knowledge of themselves and God.  When both sides stay within these boundaries, there can be no conflict between theology and science. (1)

(1) Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos, "Christian Bioethics: Challenges in Secularized Europe," 30, Christian Bioethics, 14(1), 29-41, April 2008.

Image: NIH/Public Doman